It is important to note that neurological damage can occur before haematological changes become apparent, and symptom severity does not always correlate with the degree of biochemical deficiency
*Correspondence: Yongyin Li, [email protected] These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship This article was submitted to Viral Immunology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology Disclaimer All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers
As NAD + is the precursor of NADH, the low levels of both metabolites suggest NAD + depletion while the NAD + /NADH ratio remained unchanged in most of the diseases (Fig
For those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, B12 is naturally scarce
Rotate sites systematically within approved areas (abdomen, thighs, upper arms) to avoid lipohypertrophy [9]