What the A1C measures is the proportion of hemoglobin on red blood cells that has been glycated, meaning glucose has bound to it
Both preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that GLP-1s modulate the gut microbiota composition by delaying gastric emptying and altering luminal glucose ( Firmicutes Lachnospiraceae and Clostridiales ), alongside an increase in Proteobacteria (e.g., Burkholderiales bacterium YL45 ) and Akkermansia muciniphila a species largely associated with high-fibre diets and mucosal barrier health (6971)

It has multiple actions including: potentiation of glucose-mediated insulin secretion mechanisms identified: increased -cell proliferation, resulting in an increase -cell mass (Fusco et al, 2017) stimulation of insulin biosynthesis at the translational level, helping to maintain -cell insulin stores and secretory capacity (Baggio & Drucker, 2007) because the GLP-1 effect is glucose-dependent (there is more insulin release when glucose levels are elevated, but less effect when glucose levels are normal), GLP-1 agonists have a lower risk for producing hypoglycemia compared to sulfonylureas (that chronically stimulate insulin release, independent of glucose concentration) suppression of postprandial glucagon release Evidence indicates that stimulation of pancreatic cells by GLP-1 increases their glucose sensitivity, resulting in less glucagon release at any glucose level (Baggio & Drucker, 2007)
Too stiff a scaffold can impair remodeling
The timeframe for experiencing the full benefits of a probiotic can vary depending on the initial state of your gut microbiome